Peer Assisted Learning Strategies Early Intervention...

Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies: Early Intervention Reading Program Jessica C. Thompson Corrective Remedial Reading University of West Alabama Abstract Early intervention reading programs are crucial in helping struggling readers develop the necessary strategies for successful reading. Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) is a supplemental peer-tutoring program that has been proven to be an effective intervention for helping increase the effectiveness of reading instruction. This paper fully describes the PALS program, and it also explores the strengths and weaknesses of the program. Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies: Early Intervention Reading Program Developed by Lynn Fuchs and Doug Fuchs in 1997, Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) is a supplemental peer tutoring program (U.S. Department of Education, 2012). It uses the help of stronger students to assist students who have more educational needs. â€Å"The purpose of PALS is to strengthen general education’s capacity to meet the academic needs of a broader range of children† (Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Burish, P., 2000). The acronym PALS suits the program very well, considering it is a class-wide peer-tutoring program. The program is a combination of peer tutoring and effective instructional techniques. Teachers strategically pair students based on their reading capabilities and social compatibility. Each pair of students consists of a â€Å"coach† and a â€Å"player†, and pairs are changed regularly so that allShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teaching Strategies1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthe strategies on how educators implement and design RTI vary due to the grade level and age of the student. School wide readiness is in full bloom. In an article by Berkeley et.al (2009), all fifty states are progressing with the development and implementation of RTI. This study showed how certain states were very similar in terms of the number of tiers presented in their models. For example, North Carolina and Georgia execute four tiers; while other states are determining intervention at tierRead MoreThe Relationship Between Literacy Achievement And Social Communication Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pages 2016 Priya Singh â€Æ' Abstract Schools are social environments in which students learn through collaboration with their teachers and peers (Zins, Bloodworm, Weissberg, Wallberg, 2003). From a preschool to high school, students are forced to collaborate to lead to the sharing of resources and ideas, clarification of directions, and problem solving strategies for academic success. The purpose of this paper is to present current scientific research findings about the relationship between literacyRead MoreThe United States Falls Farther Behind On Education Tests2627 Words   |  11 Pagesfarther behind on education tests in math reading and science, there has been a push for a redesign of the education system. Of the 64 countries tested in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2012, 19 other industrialized countries ranked ahead of the United States (United States, n.d.). Because of these results and the stagnating American education, parents, teachers, and the government are pushing even more standards for math, reading, and science even more. To try to resolveRead MoreThe Extent to Which Teachers Help Their EC Students in Regular Classroom Settings1647 Words   |  7 Pagespotential in life (Dann-Messier Kampits, 2004). Barriers For a lot of students, barriers begin to have an effect on learning as early as the third grade. In the past these students were left to figure out reading on their own; consequently, these students began to â€Å"fake it† in order to get by (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2005) These English language learners find that learning English is overwhelming and as a result they begin to drift away or become a school dropout. Academically for ESL studentsRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)4684 Words   |  19 Pagessocial–emotional behavior and communication. Numerous studies have documented that, across the spectrum of disability, individuals with autism have poor social and affective relatedness, difficulty developing and maintaining social relationships with peers, problems in the social use of language, unusual non-verbal behaviors including gesture, abnormalities of emotional awareness and expression, and in general, difficulty meeting cultural expectations for age-appropriate social behavior and social- emotionalRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 Pagesthe capacity to succeed in school and in life. Yet far too many children fail to meet their potential. Many students, especially those from poor and minority families, are placed at risk by school practices that sort some students into high-quality programs and other students into low-quality education. CRESPAR believes that schools must replace the â€Å"sorting paradigm† with a â€Å"talent development† model that sets high expectations for all students, and ensures that all students receive a rich and demandingRead MoreAspergers Syndrome Essay2777 Words   |  12 PagesSo what is Asperger’s Syndrome? To answer this question we must go back to Austria in the early 1940’s where Hans Asperger was studying small groups of children who exhibited similar patterns of behavior which he termed Autistic Psychopathy (www.asperger-syndrome.me.uk/history.html). He observed qualitative impairments such as â€Å"delays in using and understanding nonverbal behavior, problems establishing peer relationships and deficits in social reciprocity†¦preoccupation with one narrow special interestRead MoreHow Can Storytelling Improve Communication Skills in a 4 Yr Old5438 Words   |  22 PagesCHAPTER ONE Introduction This research was carried out in an Early Childhood Care and Education Centre located in an urban community. It is based on a four year old child whose name is Sarah Lall (not real name). She is very loving and helpful but interaction with her peers is limited since she does not speak in clear sentences. Her words do not take the form of complete sentences and sometimes puzzles the teachers and her peers as to what she is trying to say. Based on face to face interviewsRead MoreTeacher Action Research Paper on Reading Deficiencies in 2nd Grade Students12146 Words   |  49 PagesElementary School Dates of Implementation: AUGUST 2008 – JANUARY 2009 School Site Address and Phone: ARP One-sentence Problem Statement: By incorporating cooperative learning, guided reading and Reader’s Theatre, this research educator improved nineteen second grade at risk students reading comprehension levels by increasing their Oral Reading Fluency levels by 30% after ten weeks of implemented activity. (to be completed by the verifier) To the verifier: Please write a very brief overview statement (threeRead MoreCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education6428 Words   |  26 PagesCurrent Issues and Trends in Assessment in Early Childhood Education The 1980s brought a new reform movement in education, accompanied by a new emphasis on testing. The effort to improve education at all levels included the use of standardized tests to provide accountability for what students are learning. Minimum competency tests, achievement tests, and screening instruments were used to ensure that students from preschool through college reached the desired educational goals and achieved the minimum

The Minister s Black Veil - 1004 Words

The Minister s Black veil is a Romanticism. A romanticism is a movement in the art which sprung during the eighteenth and nineteenth century.Romantic is used to describe literature. It is defined as a depicting emotional matter in an imaginative form. As well as the imagination and emotion and the freedom embraced are all focus points of romanticism. Characteristics Of this literature piece would include subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism. Solitary life rather than life in society. The beliefs that imagination is superior than the reason and devotion to beauty, the love and worship of nature as well as the fascination with the past. Mr Hooper is displayed as a romantic character.Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story of personal and†¦show more content†¦And in some way it foreshadows the outcome yet you have to make a educated guess to figure out this question. It is important to remember that Hawthorne was considered a Dark Romantic rather than just a Romantic autho r. The Dark Romantics, as they were named, consisted of authors such as Hawthorne, Poe and Melville. They were considered as almost anti-Transcendentalists because the way they looked at the world was so different to the optimistic views of Emerson and authors of his time. However, the work of these Dark Romantics did actually have much in common with the Transcendentalists. Both groups valued intuition over logic and reason. Both groups saw signs and symbols in all events. Where they differ is that the Dark Romantics, when considering nature, placed an emphasis on Original Sin, its sense of the innate wickedness of human beings, and its notions of predestination.To emphasize he is a romantic in this case categorized as a Dark romantic. The black veil Seems to be a very important and major role in the story it is a symbol in which it dictates the story. The veil worn by Mr. Hooper, the minister in The Minister s Black Veil is a symbol for the sins that mankind

Essay about Leonardo Da Vinci Example For Students

Essay about Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardoquot;s talents. Upon the realization of Leonardoquot;s potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence Why did. This was the start of the boyquot;s education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a Renaissance child because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals specifically birds, the motion of water, and shadows About Leonardo. At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone studio boy to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchioquot;s workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painterquot;s guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. While there, Leonardo often painted portions of Verrocchioquot;s paintings for him, such as the background and the kneeling angel on the left in the Baptism of Christ Encarta. Leonardoquot;s sections of the painting have soft shadings, with shadows concealing the edges. These areas are distinguished easily against the sharply defined figures and objects of Verrocchio, that reflect the style called Early Renaissance. Leonardoquot;s more graceful approach marked the beginning of the High Renaissance. However, this style did not become more popular in Italy for another 25 year Gilbert 46. Leonardo actually started the popularization of this style. For this reason Leonardo could be called the Father of the High Renaissance. Leonardoquot;s leading skills emerged through his paintings and his techniques. Leonardoquot;s talents soon drew him away from the Guild and in 1472 Leonardo finished his first complete painting, Annunciation. In 1478 Leonardo reached the title of an Independent Master. His first large painting, The Adoration of the Magi begun in 1481, which was left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto, Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the Benois Madonna 1478, the portrait Ginevra dequot; Benci 1474, and the unfinished Saint Jerome 1481. Leonardo expanded his skills to other branches of interest and in 1481 Leonardo wrote an astonishing letter to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. In this letter he stated that he knew how to build portable bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons; that he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; and that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. Thus, he entered the service of the Duke in 1482, working on Ludovicoquot;s castle, organizing festivals, and he became recognized as an expert in military engineering and arms. Under the Duke, Leonardo served many positions. He served as principal engineer in the Dukequot;s numerous military enterprises and was active as an architect Encarta. As a military engineer Leonardo designed artillery and planned the diversion of rivers. He also improved many inventions that were already in use such as the rope ladder. Leonardo also drew pictures of an armored tank hundreds of years ahead of its time. His concept failed because the tank was too heavy to be mobile and the hand cranks he designed were not strong enough to support such a vehicle. As a civil engineer, he designed revolving stages for pageants. As a sculptor he planned a huge monument of the Dukequot;s father mounted up on a leaping horse. The Horse, as it was known, was the culmination of 16 years of work. Leonardo was fascinated by horses and drew them constantly. In The Horse, Leonardo experimented with the horsesquot; forelegs and measurements. The severe plagues in 1484 and 1485 drew his attention to town planning, and his drawings and plans for domed churches reflect his concern with architectural problems Bookshelf. The renaissance period and ideologies EssayThe Bennie Madonna made other artists want to draw it. So, thats when his success began to show is because everyone started imitating this painting. Leonardo found other ways after to draw the Madonna. Leonardo was about 30 years old when he painted the Adoration of the Magi. He also had a painting called the Saint Jerome. The painting of Madonna on the rocks is suppose to be like a daydream someone has laying down on the ground and looking up at the sky. In it he also drew an equilateral triangle. In the painting of Madonna Little Imbroglio De Prà ©cis colored the clothes that Leonardo helped draw. Leonardo painted a portrait of Cecilia, Ladylove Saffrons daughter, when she was only about 17 years old. Cecilia is the sister of the Mona Lisa. The one reason you may realize that the Mona Lisa isnt done is because she isnt wearing any Jewelry. Cecilia let Isabella detest compare the portrait done by Giovanni Bellinis and she had altered completely because she was a lot younger when Giovanni Bellinis did the first one. His painting of the lady with the weasel was taken over by the Lombard school. The painting of the lady with the weasel Imbroglio De Prà ©cis helped with this one too. One thing found was a pen drawing of the head of Christ. There are seven sketches of Saint Jerome in the Desert. There are about eight sketches for Saint Sebastian There is about four sketches for the later picture of Angel of the Annunciation. There is one completed picture of the Madonna. There is one head of the blessed virgin for the picture of the Ascension. There is one sculpture of Crucifixion in relief. Leonardo drew Mount Sepsis in Ptolemy map of Asia. For a sculpture, the perfect smoothness was all done by him. Also, in a notebook he had instructions for what he wanted everything to look like. The architecture filled his every thought. He was asked to help with the design of the Saint Sophia at Constantinople. He made lots of sketches of this design. He was aware that they preferred the form of the Latin cross. Some people thought Leonardo was kind of weird for wanting to study the senses and stuff about the body. Leonardo began to think about stuff on the human mind understands things. He also thought that signs are the best of all the senses of the human body. But, he was very uncomfortable in the field of abstract thought. Leonardo wrote The senses are earthly; the reason stands outside them during contemplation. In the classical school of reason and will he put in those places memory and intellect. He devoted his leisure time to the study of philosophy. But, Leonardo still didnt yet have his intellectual confidence. After reading a book that AFAIK Carbon gave him called The perspective communism of John Peacock. He wrote something after called An introduction to pers pective, that to say to the function of the eye. The lenses of the eye were his way into anatomy. He was first to record the phenomena of irradiation. He also made a lamp to help him at night with these studies. Leonardo was very interested in making things, so he decided to make new cities and towns. When he entered a competition for a Cathedral building he thought about making cities out of the soil. Leonardo considered ways of using Ladylove Saffrons life-preserving fear in his plans. He said that to have humanity go from capital cities is to build ten towns and have five thousand houses to house more than 30,000 people. While he talked about this he never left out the economic side. He wanted his towns on riverbanks or seashores and he had the Diction in mind. His cities in mind were for the rich and aristocrats. There was going to be two cities right on top of each other. When he wasnt allowed to build the ten new cities he went and invented things to keep foul smells away. Leonardo was many things in his life even if it was mostly art. He was an interesting man with all of things he did like when he went back to school so he could do more since artists werent known that much. Leonardo did have lots of art sketches that he didnt really have names for, but he still worked on them no matter whatever until he probably got bored with them. He id lots of things for warfare too he invented things we can use today because we put more into what he already had. We also have some of his paintings still around they are in museums all around the world, but he did lots of paintings even though he may not have finished them. Leonardo did like what he did even if people thought it was weird because he still studied some more into the human body. He may have wanted new cities, but that probably was only to make him famous.

Terrorism And Lethality Essays - Terrorism, Definitions Of Terrorism

Terrorism And Lethality Although the total volume of terrorist incidents world-wide has declined in the 1990s, the proportion of persons killed in terrorist incidents has steadily risen. For example, according to the RAND-St Andrews University Chronology of International Terrorism,5 a record 484 international terrorist incidents were recorded in 1991, the year of the Gulf War, followed by 343 incidents in 1992, 360 in 1993, 353 in 1994, falling to 278 incidents in 1995 (the last calendar year for which complete statistics are available).6 However, while terrorists were becoming less active, they were nonetheless becoming more lethal. For example, at least one person was killed in 29 percent of terrorist incidents in 1995: the highest percentage of fatalities to incidents recorded in the Chronology since 1968--and an increase of two percent over the previous year's record figure.7 In the United States this trend was most clearly reflected in 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Since the turn of the century, fewer than a dozen of all the terrorist incidents committed world-wide have killed more than a 100 people. The 168 persons confirmed dead at the Murrah Building ranks sixth on the list of most fatalities caused this centuryin a single terrorist incident--domestic or international.8 The reasons for terrorism's increasing lethality are complex and variegated, but can generally be summed up as follows: The growth in the number of terrorist groups motivated by a religious imperative; The proliferation of "amateurs" involved in terrorist acts; and, The increasing sophistication and operational competence of "professional" terrorists. Religious Terrorism The increase of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative neatly encapsulates the confluence of new adversaries, motivations and rationales affecting terrorist patterns today. Admittedly, the connection between religion and terrorism is not new.9 However, while religion and terrorism do share a long history, in recent decades this form particular variant has largely been overshadowed by ethnic- and nationalist-separatist or ideologically-motivated terrorism. Indeed, none of the 11 identifiable terrorist groups10 active in 1968 (the year credited with marking the advent of modern, international terrorism) could be classified as "religious."11 Not until 1980 in fact--as a result of the repercussions from the revolution in Iran the year before--do the first "modern" religious terrorist groups appear:12 but they amount to only two of the 64 groups active that year. Twelve years later, however, the number of religious terrorist groups has increased nearly six-fold, representing a quarter (11 of 48) of the terrorist organisations who carried out attacks in 1992. Significantly, this trend has not only continued, but has actually accelerated. By 1994, a third (16) of the 49 identifiable terrorist groups could be classified as religious in character and/or motivation. Last year their number increased yet again, no to account for nearly half (26 or 46 percent) of the 56 known terrorist groups active in 1995. The implications of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative for higher levels of lethality is evidenced by the violent record of various Shi'a Islamic groups during the 1980s. For example, although these organisations committed only eight percent of all recorded international terrorist incidents between 1982 and 1989, they were nonetheless responsible for nearly 30 percent of the total number of deaths during that time period.13 Indeed, some of the most significant terrorist acts of the past 18 months, for example, have all had some religious element present.14 Even more disturbing is that in some instances the perpetrators' aims have gone beyond the establishment of some theocracy amenable to their specific deity,15 but have embraced mystical, almost transcendental, and divinely-inspired imperatives16 or a vehemently anti-government form of "populism" reflecting far-fetched conspiracy notions based on a volatile mixture of seditious, racial and religious dicta.17 Religious terrorism18 tends to be more lethal than secular terrorism because of the radically different value systems, mechanisms of legitimisation and justification, concepts of morality, and Manichean world views that directly affect the "holy terrorists'" motivation. For the religious terrorist, violence first and foremost is a sacramental act or divine duty: executed in direct response to some theological demand or imperative and justified by scripture. Religion, therefore functions as a legitimising force: specifically sanctioning wide scale violence against an almost open-ended category of opponents (e.g., all peoples who are not members of the religious terrorists' religion or cult). This explains why clerical sanction is so important for religious terrorists19 and why religious figures are often required to "bless" (e.g., approve) terrorist operations before they are executed. "Amateur" Terrorists The proliferation of "amateurs" involved in terrorist acts has also contributed to terrorism's increasing lethality. In the past, terrorism was not just a matter of having the

Approaches To Capacity Planning And Control

Approaches To Capacity Planning And Control Capacity planning and control entails the research techniques for addressing the issue of scheduling business applications, planning the allocation of resources, controlling inventory through routing or queuing and having the problem solving techniques in place for various departments. The planning and controlling approaches include optimization techniques. The function in this approach is diminishing or maximization of business elements to meet the least expenditure objectives within a constrained operating environment. A big problem is broken down to ease complexity and thus speeding up computation. A problem can decompose to allow efficiency in and ability to handle the uncertainties adequately. Secondly, dynamic approach allows the business owner or analyst to make decisions sequentially in a multi-stage pattern. A problem is recursively related to solutions come up with most effective results or conclusion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches To Capacity Planning And Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A complex problem can be decomposed to various sub-problems and the solution to one problem create a sequentially dependent framework such that the solution of a sub-problem emerges from the preceding solution meaning that the whole problem is one, broken into various parts but the preceding resolutions are independent of each other. The other approach entails sensitivity analysis. The management have to analyze hypothetically, logically or substantially, the most important functions of the firm. This must be the key element of the business that triggers major changes in the business performance and examines the most important factors for the revolution. The definition of this approach is a procedure of examining impacts over changes and their effects as outputs. (Dodds, 2008) One has to evaluate reasonable limits for change or the individual impact on other independent measures of business quality. This approach rarely features independent usage because it has the sole purpose of challenging other business points for optimal performance. Its main usage occurs after other approaches, to determine their viability or validity. Lastly is the probabilistic and risk analysis approach. This represents a major departure from the main deterministic view. The analysis has a subjective basis on judgements made by the experts, business planners or analysts. The consideration entails correlations along with uncertainties to gauge cost and performance. Compared to deterministic or fixed-point approaches, the probabilistic approach offers additional information of chances and range sensitivity. These approaches entail some common techniques and the business manager ought to base their decisions on the method to implement, by checking on the primary functionality of optimisation or delineation of the differences in the approaches. They can also support their decisions on simulation based on the systems dynamics, analysis of scenarios, sensitivity and the probability of a risk. The last basis is upon decision analysis using various theoretic techniques. The main aim of these approaches is to analyse uncertainties in a business such as risks to develop comprehensive understanding on demands and create awareness within the business. Measuring capacity entails finding the distinction between the inputs or output measures of a business capacity.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The best approach therefore finds the real capacity that depends on the exact mix of activities to be undertaken. The effective capacity management is dependent on the disaggregate nature of the demand thus the reason for some adjustments to accommodate detailed planning. Today integration of various approaches is in use with the aim of meeting the unique specific ation of a certain demand and at the same time integrates all of them to function as a single unit. Arguably, the best fitting approach to most business would be dynamic approach to solutions incorporated with sensitivity analysis. References Dodds, B. (2008, March 31). Pandemic Planning and Business Continuity. Retrieved from https://ezinearticles.com/?Pandemic-Planning-and-Business-Continuityid=1080616

How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing

How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing Glass tubing is sold in a variety of lengths. Typical lengths are 6 (~150 mm), 12 (~300 mm) although glass is also sold by the foot. There is a good chance youll need to cut the tubing to make it the right size for your project or experiment, so here is what to do. Key Takeaways: How to Cut and Fire Polish Glass Tubing Before working with glass, be sure to put on eye protection and thick gloves. If the glass doesnt break cleanly, it can eject shards and cause potentially serious cuts.To cut tubing, score the glass. There are several methods to do this, including the use of a file or glass cutter. Some people prefer to score and break tubing underwater.To break the tubing, either hold the glass near the score mark and tap just below the mark with a hard object or else carefully snap the tubing apart.Fire polish the ends of the tubing by evenly heating the cut edges in a flame. Turn the tubing to assure even heating.Either place the tubing in a container with the hot ends facing upward or else set the tubing on an insulated surface. If you place hot glass on a cold surface (such as metal or stone) it may shatter. Use the edge of a steel file to score or notch the glass perpendicular to its length. A single score works best. If you saw back and forth, youre asking for a messy break. Also, a light score works better than a deep cut.Put on eye protection and heavy gloves. If you dont have gloves, you can minimize a chance of being cut by wrapping the tubing in a towel.Place your thumbs on either side of the notch and apply gentle pressure until the tubing snaps in two.The ends of the tubing will be extremely sharp, so youll need to fire polish them before using the tubing. Fire polish the tubing by holding the sharp ends of the glass in the flame of an alcohol lamp or gas burner. Turn the tubing so that it is heated evenly. Stop when the ends are smooth. Be careful that you dont leave the glass in the flame too long, which melts the tubing and may block the ends.Allow the glass tubing to cool before using it. If your tubing is too thick or you need to bend it, its easy to use a flame to bend and draw a glass tube. 3 Easy Ways to Cut Glass Without a File If you dont have a metal file or a glass cutter tool, dont despair. Here are three simple methods you can use to score and break glass tubing. Again, be sure to wear eye protection and protect your hands with gloves or a towel. Use String To use string to cut glass you need rubbing alcohol, a lighter, and a large container of water. Soak the string in the rubbing alcohol and wring out the excess liquid.Tightly tie the string around the part of the tubing where you want the cut.Set fire to the string.Once the flame completely encircles the glass, plunge it into a bucket of water.With the glass held under water, hold one side of the string and firmly tap the other below it with a stick or butter knife. Use Scissors Tubing will often cut with a pair of scissors. If the edges are jagged (which is likely), fire polish them afterward. You will need scissors, a pen, and a bucket of water. Use a permanent marker or wax pencil to mark where the tubing is to be cut.Hold the tubing underwater and simply snip the tubing along the marked line as if you were cutting thick paper. Use Wire Using wire to cut tubing it more reliable than string and produces a cleaner cut than scissors. You need wire, a lighter, and a bucket of water. A file is handy but not necessary. If you have a file, lightly score along the tubing where you want to cut it.Make sure youre wearing gloves. Heat the middle of the wire in a section long enough to completely encircle the tubing. Be careful because wire conducts heat so even the ends will get hot!Wrap the hot part of the wire around the tubing.Immediately immerse the tubing in water. The heat should break the glass without the need to apply any pressure.

Paragraph Answer Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paragraph Answer - Coursework Example The latter was overthrown, but there emerged a need to develop new rules for living in the community. Moreover, these rules had to be followed by all the parties and suit everybody. After the patrimonial aristocracy was defeated, Cleisthenes became the head of Athens, 508 BC. He immediately embarked on reforms that were to consolidate the victory of the demos and put an end to the danger of the revival of the power of one person or aristocracy. In fact, there occurred the democratization of the political system of Athens. By the middle 5th century BC, Athens developed a complete and in own way perfect form of the ancient slave-owning democracy. Athenian version of democracy to a certain extent made possible the expression of every citizen of the state; while the main aim remained was the power and prosperity of the state. The elimination of the king’s regime in the Ancient Rome marked the end of the process of destruction of the patrimonial organization of the previous epoch, whose speakers were the aristocracy, and the establishment of the civil society and early state (civitas). Republican victory over the clan aristocracy showed the victory of slave ownership over the classical patriarchal ownership (family household). It also signed the radical change of the role of the Senate. In the royal era, the Senate was the council of elders of the kings. They determined the fate of the Senators and the Senate individually and spontaneously. Kings either increased the number of senators or eliminated them all. In the era of the republican Senate, it was the supreme governing body in the state, a stronghold of nobility. The resulting Roman Republic was not democratic state (slave-owning democracy). It became an aristocratic republic, in spite of the fact that all positions in the state were elected. All decisions were taken by Senate. In this respect, there ended an era of the kings and began the era of the domination of the nobility. Nobility was a new aristoc racy that formed as a result of the equalization in rights of plebeians and patricians and the merging of the patricians’ families with plebeians top. So, the prevention of the tyranny of the single rule of one person did not work accurately, because the newly formed nobility gradually seized the leadership of the Senate and the senior civil posts. After the elimination of the tyrannical regimes in the Ancient Greece and Rome, the societies were aiming to prevent the establishment of such regimes in the future. According to the Ancient conception of democracy, equally free people had to be equal in all respects; oligarchy arises from the fact that in some respect superior people claim too much. From the above, it is clear that both, in Athens and in Rome, they established a kind of democratic regimes that contained a number of the core features of the modern understanding of democracy. Among the latter was attracting people to the most important political decisions through th e citizens’ assembly. The access to the assembly had all the citizens of the certain age. All citizens were formally equal in their right of participating and managing public affairs. The ancient

Equal Liberty and the Establishment clause, then and now Research Paper

Equal Liberty and the Establishment clause, then and now - Research Paper Example The establishment clause has generally been interpreted through judicial ruling to do two primary things. First, to prevent the establishment of a national religion by Congress. Secondly, to prohibit the preference by the U.S. government of one religion over another. As a principle, the establishment clause came to be during James Madison's efforts to have the constitution ratified. Madison garnered support among the local Baptists by warning them that the constitution had no safeguard against creating a new national church. This was important because their free exercise of religion. Initiating the establishment clause occurred in a two step process. The initial step was the Supreme Court’s conclusion in 1940 that the Free Exercise Clause was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The conceptual implications were the raising of few difficulties. The application of the federal governments jurisdiction over the states created the federalism framework tha t ensures each states actions are constitutional. Additionally, the Due Process Clause protects those rights in the Bill of Rights â€Å"implicit in the concept of ordered liberty,† which made the protection of the establishment clause necessary. Moreover, free exercise of religion is an extremely important individual right. The establishment clause has been used in many cases to draw the boundaries of state activities. Specifically, in terms of financial aid for religious purposes or to religious institutions. One key example of this is the 1899 Bradfield v. Roberts supreme court case. 4 The issue here was that the federal government provided funds to a hospital operated by a Roman Catholic institution. In that case, the Supreme Court ruled that the funding was specifically given to a secular organization i.e. the hospital and was therefore permissible. This is important because it established the precedent that the state could not fund a religious institution. Another critical case in this matter was the 1947 case of Everson v. Board of Education, in which the Supreme Court upheld a New Jersey statute that was funding student transportation to schools, whether parochial or private. Justice Hugo Black explained that the establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment means at least that  "neither a state nor the federal government can set up a church.5 Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, or prefer one religion over another. Neither can force nor coerce an individual to attend or to remain away from church against his/her freewill or force him/her to profess a belief or disbelief in any religion. Moreover, the ruling held that no person can be punished for entertaining or professing religious beliefs and ideologies or disbelief's, for church attendance or non-attendance. Another important precedent founded here is that fact that no tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions, whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adopt to teach or practice religion. Additionally, it is impermissible for either a state or the Federal Government to, openly or secretly, participate in the affairs of any religious organizations or groups and vice versa. As stated by Thomas Jefferson, th e clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a wall of separation between church and State."6 The infamous lemon test was developed in the 1971 ruling of Lemon v.

Reality TV Essay Example for Free

Reality TV Essay Unscripted program, real people NOT actors in a specific environment Normal people with no discernible talent, no discernible insights, but who are willing, eager to be seen and heard living their own life. -â€Å"real life† television is filmed with out stoppage time, and then edited to catch the viewers eye -certifiable global pop-culture phenomenon Reality TV comes is all different forms now from daily life of real people such as Big Brother and Jersey Shore, sports shows, business shows like undercover boss and dirtiest jobs, talent shows such as American Idol and Dancing with the stars, family shows John and Kate plus 8, and motivational shows like biggest loser and survivor. This eventually led to being filmed and put on TV in 1948. â€Å"Candid Camera† (CQ researcher: Reality TV: Maryann Haggerty -In 1989 COPS came on air because of the writers guild of American strike. This show followed police during their daily activities. It began with no music or narration just a simple camera following a police. -Over on ABC, beginning in 1990, people were turning their own cameras on family and pets to make â€Å"Americas Funniest Home Videos -In 1992, reality TV was a novelty. In 2000, it was a fad. In 2010, its a way of life. Time Magazine article It wasnt until the premiere of ‘The Real World’ on MTV in 1992 that we began to witness the emergence of many of the textual characteristics that would come to define the genres current format,† -In 2008, the Emmys awarded a stature to the best host of a reality TV show for the first time, which was exciting news to all -ABC NBC Fox MTV CBS -In 2010 Reality TV is now a valid career choice. The New York Times estimated that at any given time, there are 1,000 people on air as reality TV stars. Topic 3: Addictiveness of Reality TV One reason for their popularity is financial: an hour of reality can cost a few hundred thousand dollars, compared to the one to three million for a scripted drama. But part of the reason fans become involved in the show is that they get invested in the good guys and bad guys. -Thats how people watch reality TV: you can doubt it, interrogate it, talk back to it, believe it, or not.

Was Stalin a Great Man? :: essays research papers

According to Thoman Carlyle, a â€Å"great man† is one who shapes history and affects the course of the future. In the case of Joseph Stalin, dictator of the Soviet Union from 1929-1953, one can perceive that through torment and brutal force, he was able to modernize a nation and oppress his own people. One can argue that Stalin was a great leader of the 20th century. After all, he took an undeveloped country and molded it into one of the world’s greatest industrial and military forces. But, this transformation did not come at a small cost. Stalin was so paranoid that his Communist regime would be ‘crushed’ by one of the dominating Capitalist countries of the West that he became obsessed with the mass production of industrial and agricultural machinery, neglecting the production of basic goods needed to sustain human survival. In his mind, getting Russia’s industrial sector up to par was more important than producing adequate clothing and household goods. Setting completely absurd targets for increased production in agriculture, and of coal, pig iron, oil, and steel products in his three five-year plans did work well for Stalin, and other countries began to take notice. But, in history, very few leaders have forced their own people to make the kinds of sac rifices Stalin imposed on them. To increase agricultural production, and bring in a surplus of food products, Stalin enforced and regulated his idea of â€Å"collective agriculture† – government control of farm land. In turn, the kulaks felt completely oppressed and were unwilling to give up the small amount of land they owned. Stalin would not tolerate opposition from anyone, and as a result, millions of kulaks and peasants were sent off to labor concentration camps, known as â€Å"gulags,† or were simply eliminated. It wasn’t just the lower-class peoples that he wouldn’t tolerate opposition from. Stalin was known for having other political figures that could possibly pose a threat to his regime eliminated. In 1935, he began his â€Å"purges.† He would send out his secret police to arrest and either jail or execute those in political opposition of him.

British Imperialism Essay

Jordan Shiber Pd. 5 European Imperialism in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia had a more positive impact on the world. The three main reasons I say this is one, Europeans truly thought they were doing good by imposing on other countries. They thought buy bringing in new cultures and traditions the country would be better off and it would benefit them and the country there are imposing on because both countries would be together and the country taking them over would have new and useful resources and the country being taken over would be a part of the European success and gain new ideas and a way of life.Jules Ferry said, â€Å"something else is needed for France:†¦that she must also be a great country exercising all of her rightful influence over the destiny of Europe, that she ought to propagate this influence throughout the world and carry everywhere that she can her language, her customs, her flag, her arms, and her genius†. (Beck 351) This translates to basic ally the definition of assimilation, or influencing a country using your customs, traditions, and way of life.Second, European countries were more modernized than African countries so by invading they are helping to modernize Africa. Just look at Africa today compared to back then especially South Africa, they are extremely modernized other than the desert parts. Lastly, the invasion of European countries gave the Africans more job opportunities which helped their economy. Before I get into the individual countries positive affects, think about Social Darwinism or basically survival of the fittest.If a country is too weak to defend itself and another country can take it over and successfully run the country, they should be able to without any complaints. To start off, the Europeans thought that they were actually good by invading Africa and imposing their ideas on them. They thought by bringing in new ideas and traditions it would actually benefit the Africans. Also, really good inf rastructure was built throughout Africa. Next, Africa and other places werent as modernized as Europe. Africans decided they had to adjust to the modern world or be consumed by it.The invasion of Europeans basically influenced them to change and become more like the rest of the world. In 1831, Muhammad Ali gained control of Syria and Arabia. He began a series of reforms in the military and in the economy. The Suez Canal’s construction was supported by his grandson, Ismail. The European influenced is what caused this canal to be built along with any other reform in Egypt. Egypt wanted to basically show their dominance by gaining power. This is a positive effect because other countries are starting to make themselves stronger.The final reason that European imperialism had a more positive impact on the world was that it gave out more job opportunities to those being invaded and helped the countries econmy and its way of life. Some examples of job created due to the invasion are servants,labourers on infrastructure projects, and soldiers in colonial armies. Also, local warfare was reduced and new hospitals and schools were provided. Another thing is richer families could send their children or even themselves to Europe so they could get a way better education.To conclude European Imperialism in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, I would say it had a more positive effect. Europeans thought they were doing something good by imposing on other countries. They thought it was a good idea to bring in their way of life and influence the other people. Second, imperialism in Africa influenced some countries so not just sit back and let it be but to show their power and dominance. Lastly, imperialism created more job opportunities and helped out the country itself.Dadabhi Naoroji said â€Å"The genius and spirit of the British people is fair play and justice†. (Beck 351) This means is was okay for the British to do what they are doing. This is how Euro pean Imperialism in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and Asia had a more positive impact on the world. MLA Citations: Beck, Roger B. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2005. Print. Fieldhouse, David K. â€Å"Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914A? A? A? 1958. † Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914A? A? A? 1958. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Feb. 2013.

How Building Muscle Reduces Adipose Tissue and Improves Health

The human body is a complex organism that begins working at the moment of conception and does not stop working until the moment of death. As cells divide and a being begins to take shape, the human body sets in motion a network of organs and functions that will allow the growing individual to operate. Each of the functions that the human body undertakes requires energy, and this energy is manufactured via the substances that are ingested by the organism. Food and drink are to a human being what gasoline is to a car: the fuel by which everything runs.The term that best describes the fuel needed for humans to work is â€Å"calorie,† and calories are needed to perform every function the body undertakes—even sleeping. It would be terribly inconvenient to own a car that had a one-gallon gas tank: trying to get most places would require constant fill-ups, and long trips would be out of the question. The human body is no different: it has space to store calories for later use, so that long periods of time can pass between â€Å"fill-ups.† Unfortunately, the size of the human fuel â€Å"tank† is almost unlimited, and this is where excess fat comes into play. As the body ingests calories, these calories are turned into fuel, but what is left over is stored in the body, and â€Å"surplus calories [. . . ] are ALL converted to body fat and stored as adipose tissue† (Collins 27). This is not a healthy situation. â€Å"Americans are increasing in body fat as they become more sedentary. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions† (Cummings, Parham, and St. Rain 1145).The good news is that resistance training is one of the most effective ways for an individual to reduce his or her excess body fat: not only does the exercise itself burn calories, but resistance training increases the body’s amount of muscle mass in the body, and the more muscle tissue an individual has, the more calories he or she will burn (Phillips and D’ Orso passim). The relationship between muscle mass and the burning of calories has to do with the body’s metabolism: â€Å"the process by which substances come into the body and are used† (132).Depending on the type of activity an individual is involved with, the body’s metabolism will respond by going into the calorie stores and providing the requisite fuel. The more strenuous the activity, the more fuel that is required, and the more fuel that is required, the fewer the number of calories that end up remaining in the body’s fat â€Å"tank. † Remember, everything the body does requires the use of fuel, and that includes calories that are burned while an individual is sedentary.Each person has a Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) which is â€Å"the turnover of energy in a fasting and resting organism using energy solely to maintain vital cellular activity, respiration, and circulation† (â€Å"Basal Metabolic Rate†). An individual’s Bas al Metabolic Rate will determine, in part, the number of calories that are burned each day—no mater what that person does. Muscle is the most active tissue in the human body and is essential to life. It is estimated that one pound of muscle requires 50 to 100 calories per day to function.Increasing a person’s muscle mass by as little as three to five pounds can have a profound effect on daily caloric expenditure by raising Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), or the number of calories needed by the body to carry out basic daily functions. (Serraino) With this information in mind, it is clear that increasing one’s muscle tissue will increase the number of calories one burns each day, and resistance training increases one’s muscle tissue. Resistance training is key to muscle building: â€Å"Muscle is spared at the expense of other tissues if there is a need for it† (Serraino).In other words, the body functions in terms of supply and demand: as the body receiv es a demand for fuel, it will create the energy needed; however, not all calories are the same. â€Å"Our food fuel comprises the protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol we eat. [. . . ] There is an ‘order of priority’ that dictates which fuels are burned first. Alcohol calories are burned first [. . . then] protein, then carbohydrates, then fat† (Collins 27). Consider the emaciated look of people who are calorie deficient: this is due to their body’s turning to its own organs and tissues for fuel.It is an awful image, but it does illustrate the way in which the body seeks fuel to continue operating. If the external sources of fuel are insufficient, the body will burn whatever is available, but aside from deficiency, because of the â€Å"order of priority,† even a fully fueled body seeks out protein calories before carbohydrate or fat calories. High-intensity resistance training offers the stimulus necessary to tell the body it requires muscle. The b ody maintains protective margins against stress, and exercise is a stressor.When a muscle is taken to failure (the point where continued contraction is impossible), an alarm is triggered, telling the body its protective margins are in danger and it must adapt to maintain itself. Hence, muscle will be spared at the expense of fat. (Serraino) Resistance training builds muscle, changes the body’s â€Å"order of priority† in terms of the type of calories burned, and increases an individual’s BMR—all of which result in fat loss and decreased production of adipose tissue.Many people undertake a resistance training program to lose weight due to dissatisfaction with their physical appearance; however, as things improve on the outside (i. e. one appears to be less fat), things are also improving on the inside. Thus the benefits of resistance training for fat loss are not limited to one’s physical appearance. Breast cancer is a serious concern for women, but the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) has some positive news.The Women’s Health Initiative, a federal study that was begun in 1993 and was ongoing in 2002, involved data that was collected from â€Å"66,568 American women age 50 and up. † The data show that study participants who worked out vigorously for three or more hours each week were 13 percent less likely to develop breast cancer than non-exercisers. Women who worked out the most and burned the most fat were 22 percent less likely to develop breast cancer, possibly because lower levels of body fat do not store as much cancer-promoting estrogen. (American Alliance for Health)Although this study does not define what â€Å"worked out vigorously† entailed, what is significant is the connection between reduced body fat and reduced breast-cancer risk. Given the direct link between increased muscle mass and decreased body fat, the potential link between resistance training, fat loss, and reduced breast-cancer risk should not be ignored. Type 2 Diabetes is also a serious health threat, and as it manifests itself over time, generally striking during one’s â€Å"elderly† years, a long-term resistance training program that reduces body fat can help prevent the onset of this disease.In their study, Ibanez, et al. found: Prolonged resistance training [. . . ] led to significant increases in muscle strength, decreases in abdominal fat, and improvements in insulin sensitivity. [. . . ] These observations suggest that two sessions per week of PRT are safe and could serve as a potential adjunct therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes in older men. This particular study specifically addresses â€Å"PRT† or prolonged resistance training when making the connection to health improvements with lower body fat.The human body is an organism designed to operate much like an automobile: it needs fuel to survive. Obviously, the human bo dy differs from a car in a variety of ways, but the two relevant differences are that the fuel-storage capacity of a person far exceeds that of an automobile; and even at rest, the human organism requires fuel to continue to operate. When a reasonable limit of fuel storage is exceeded in a person, the body turns this into adipose tissue. A body that contains excess fat is like a car with a clogged fuel line: it simply does not function well.Not only is excess adipose tissue a threat to one’s physical appearance, it is a threat to one’s overall health. â€Å"If three to five pounds of muscle are added to the body, BMR will increase by 250 to 500 calories per day—regardless of activity level†; therefore, there are numerous benefits to resistance training for fat loss and overall health (Serraino). Works Cited American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. The Women’s Health Initiative. â€Å"Physical Activity May Reduce Brea st Cancer Risk. † The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, & Dance. 73.1 (2002): 8. Expanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Sacramento City Coll. Lib. , Sacramento, CA. 5 Dec. 2006. â€Å"Basal Metabolic Rate. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2003. Collins, Anne. â€Å"How the Body Uses Food Energy. † Women’s Health. Nov. 2004. 27. Cummings, Sue, Ellen S. Parham, and Gladys W. St. Rain. â€Å"Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weight Management, (ADA Reports). † Journal of the American Dietetic Assocication. 102. 8 (2002): 1145-1155. Expanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Sacramento City Coll. Lib. , Sacramento, CA. 4 Dec. 2006. Ibanez, Javier, et al.â€Å"Twice-Weekly Progressive Resistance Training Decreases Abdominal Fat and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Older Men with Type 2 Diabetes. † Diabetes Care. 28. 3 (2005): 662. Expanded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac. Sacramento City Coll. Lib. , Sacramento, CA. 5 Dec. 2006. Phillips, Bill, and Michael D’Orso. Body for Life: 12 Weeks to Mental and Physical Strength. New York: Harper-Collins, 1999. Serraino, Robert J. â€Å"Taking It All Off: High-Intensity Resistance Training Promotes Fat Loss Without Muscle Depletion. † American Fitness. Mar. -Apr. 1996. FindArticles. 4 Dec. 2006.

Democracy and Dictatorship

Democracy and Dictatorship Democracy and dictatorship play a role in paths that lead to political development. While democracy in itself provides a variety of friendliness amongst the people, dictatorship, on the other hand, bestows all power of a community or a country upon a single individual.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy and Dictatorship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This creates a lot of tension and unfairness between the rulers and the ruled. As opposed to democracy, dictatorship results in an unstable economy of a country. The way Daron and James (2006) outline, there are different political paths that different political institutions take over a certain period. Amongst the paths, just a few of them result in democracy. Albert makes a clear observation that is of a lot of importance. He notices that a more established democracy results in an enormous distribution of coalitions. After these same coalitions have formed, eco nomic landscape is flooded with incompetent laws, regulation and other practices. Because of these practices, a country or a community ultimately excels little in terms of development or growth. In an attempt to understand democracy and dictatorship in length, Acemoglu and Robinson (2006) come out vividly to take us through these. According to them, determinants of democratization are substantially reduced to various levels that explain it better. The levels include economy structure and inequality that exists in a community or society. Additional levels that they discuss incorporate the degree of globalization and the kind of skills that elites bear as will be subsequently explained. Dictatorship and democracy trace their origins in the ancient of time. For instance, there are the already mentioned paths that led to their creation in different manners. Apparently, the paths make us familiarize ourselves with the difficulties in the universe owing to the fast changing real- world co mparisons, Daron and James (2006).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a matter of fact, the paths above show some means that connect political and economic composition of a community to a political institution. Talking about the paths of political development, there exist four of them in number. They all result in different democracy through diverse means as is discussed below noticed that democracy is now never endangered. It simply tolerates all other forces that may hit it from side to side and consolidates to a stable state. This means that this first path that leads to democracy may take a little time to stabilize, but after that, it stands out effectively on its own. The second path is the one that leads to a democracy that is quickly created. It does not end at the creation but has its immediate other side that does away with the created democracy. In other w ords, the established democracy quickly crumples as Daron and James (2006) observes. Again, the collapsed democracy uses the forces that made it stand initially to stabilize. After this, once more the re-established democracy falls again and the cycle recurs. A third path of democracy is one in which a community or a country stays put in no democracy. In case democracy exists, then it is that which is totally delayed to appoint of not realizing their existence. This third path of may be divided into two nondemocratic paths. In the first place, democracy is never created because of community’s wealthy and prosperous status. This is an assurance of a stable status of the society’s political quo. It appears that this system is never challenged simply because individuals found in the society are well satisfied under the on hand political institutions, Daron and James (2006). Another situation arises still in the nondemocratic paths. As opposed to the above, this type entai ls a community that is unequal but very exploitative. The panorama of the existing democracy in this path is weak and posses a threat to elites.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy and Dictatorship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In response, the elites use any means possible to totally avoid it. For example, the elites resolve in using war and repression to put the impending threats at bay. A typical example of a country that used a similar path to this is South Africa before the fall of apartheid rule. As Jorge Heine argues, it is impractical in the absence of political participation to have political scientist. As a clear fact, political science develops with expansion of political participation. Huntington further explains this in his central proposition which identifies that political science is strong where democracy is strong, and the reverse is also true. According to him, surfacing of democracy promo tes establishment of political science. Furthermore, development of political science results in the creation and maintenance of democracy. Democracy and dictatorship have had a bit-by bit progress amongst different people of diverse classes. Dictatorship, which is also known as autocracy, is a government system in which there is an authority to control all the activities of a state or a community. This authority, however, is concentrated in the hands of one individual. Talking about progress of democracy in Britain, for example, there was a wide gap that separated the rich from the poor as Robinson and Acemoglu (2003) observed. Initially, only the rich elites were allowed to vote; whereas, the poor had many complications that hindered them from voting. For instance, illiteracy was a major bane to them that had them left out of the entire voting process as the rich in their own class took it upon themselves to vote. As was earlier mentioned, there was a path of democracy existed gra dually. This became a reality in Europe where democratic system emerged more progressively. Precisely, Britain issued I the first place uncertain reforms in 1832 that included the relatively wealthy middle class, Robinson and Acemoglu (2003).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As time progressed, rights to vote were broadened in 1867 and 1884, then again in 1919 when worldwide male suffrage was initiated. In addition to this, all women in Britain were finally allowed to vote in the year 1928. This is for sure a series of gradual extensions of franchise that a thee-class model analyses and the details are as below. When an alliance between the middle class and the poor pressurizes revolution disenfranchised, the rich devises a way to curb it all. The rich elites break the coalition through one sure way of lengthening permission to middle class. Presumably, this middle class is considerably richer than the poor individuals and so it is easier to persuade them against revolution, Robinson and Acemoglu (2003). Taking the Great Britain as an example, democracy traces its origins upon formation of ordinary parliaments. These were a forum for upper classes to agree about taxes while discussing policies with the king of the Great Britain as Daron and James (2006) explain. Voting became unopposed in the 18th century all though to the mid of 19th century in Britain. This means that governance by then ceased being dictatorial because efficient voting system was adapted. Future democracy of Britain was shaped through reforms that were made in the constitution after Civil War, which took place in 1642-1651. Alongside that, Glorious Revolution of 1668 resulted to a remarkable transformation in both economic and political institutions, Daron and James (2006). The changes have had significant insinuations for the future democracy of the Great Britain. Autocracy, on the other hand, also reveals it intensions. That a dictator comes to power, and lead a group of people in a society is a reality. However, when the autocrat has a short period horizon, it is always in their interest to seize the property of their subjects. It is also in their minds to abrogate any contracts that they might have signed with an intension of borrowing money from them. After getting money, they suit themselves while and neglecting the long-term economic consequences of their choices. According to Mancur (1993), dictatorship carried out within a short time horizon decreases assurance in enforcement of long-run contacts and investments. Owing to these facts, there is a remedy that should be advocated for and supported in totality. Individuals just need to secure a government that regards with respect the rights of individuals. These rights are objects of a unique set of the governmental body (Mancur, 1993). In conclusion, autocracies are appalling but successful because autocrats rely on major groups to stay in power. On the other hand, in political economy, there exists a long- standing theme which is making political leaders accountable as we make their office survival dependant on their policy performance, Masa (2007). In addition, success always follows autocrats who administer and exercise discipline for those who perform poorly. References Daron, A R James, A R 2006, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Cambridge University Press, USA. Daron, A R James, A R 2006, Political Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: The Role of the Middle Class, Cambridge University Press, USA. Jorge, H 2002, Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Making of Modern Political Science: Huntington’s Thesis and Pinochet’s Chile. Web. Mancur, O 1993, Dictatorship, Democracy and Development, the American Political Science review, vol. 87, no. 3. Masa, K 2007, What Can We Learn From Successful Autocracies? Web.

The fonts that make you remember more - Emphasis

The fonts that make you remember more The fonts that make you remember more We are more likely to remember information when it is written in a hard-to-read font, according to psychologists at Princeton and Indiana universities. Researcher Connor Diemand-Yauman and his colleagues wanted to explore how fonts affect how much we remember from the text we read. They found that learning materials set in slightly harder-to-read fonts produced significantly higher scores in students’ assignments. Arial vs Comic Sans The researchers presented 28 participants with information about three species of aliens, and gave them 90 seconds to learn the features that identified them. For half the participants, the information was presented in clear 16-point, black Arial font. Information for the remaining participants was presented in Comic Sans or Bodoni fonts, both in grey and 12-point. Participants were later tested on the identifying features of the alien species. Those who had learnt from the harder-to-read fonts answered 86.5 per cent of questions correctly, compared with 72.8 per cent by those who learnt from the easy-to-read fonts. The researchers replicated the findings in a similar study at a school in Chesterland, Ohio. Levels of processing So why did the participants remember more about the harder-to-read samples? Diemand-Yauman suggests that when we find something easy to read, we tend to take it as a sign that we already have mastery of the material. But when fonts make reading slightly harder, we often doubt whether we instantly ‘get’ it. As a result, we are more likely to go over the information again to make sure we fully understand it. This encourages deeper processing in the brain, which makes us remember more about the text. But that doesnt mean you use Cloister Black for your reports from now on. Improving readability One of the main challenges of writing is producing a document that people actually read. The participants in the studies above were more likely to read than normal. This is because text was given to them by people in authoritative positions (psychologists, teachers) and in test conditions. But your report isn’t an experiment. And your target audience may not feel obliged to read your piece at all, especially if it’s that little bit harder to read, or it’s set in an inappropriate font. Besides, there’s more to business writing than getting people to remember the details in your documents. It is about setting a good impression too. Much like wearing a suit, your clients will judge your written output on presentation, and one way to get this right is to use the best fonts. Serif vs sans serif fonts Serif fonts are those with the twiddly strokes at the ends of characters (eg Times New Roman, Minion). There is an argument that serif fonts are more distinctive than sans serif fonts (without strokes, eg Arial, Calibri), and are therefore easier to read. However, there are plenty more studies that show there is no difference between them in terms of legibility. Interaction designer Alex Poole thinks most mainstream typefaces are equally legible. He says, ‘It makes much more sense to argue in favour of serif or sans serif typefaces on aesthetic grounds than on the question of legibility.’ Fonts help to set the tone of your professional identity. For business writing, they need to be formal but approachable; sensible but not staid; and consistent, not erratic. That’s why at Emphasis we prefer Arial, a sans serif font, because it is plain, clear and simple – just the qualities we recommend in writing. Reference: Fortune favors the bold (and the italicized): effects of disfluency on educational outcomes, Connor Diemand-Yauman et al, Cognition, Vol 118 (January 2011). To learn more about how we can help you, your team or your entire organisation transform your writing at work, download our free course catalogue today.

Business Principles of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival Essay

Business Principles of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival - Essay Example Even though the economic impact of the festival remains a major concern, there was an agreement with the major stakeholders that it was vital to look into other aspects of the festival. The Edinburgh festival attracts all kinds of performers ranging from regular school boys to star actors. With more than 260 performance venues, such as dim vaults, giant theatres, and moving buses the event has the capacity to hold thousands of actors. All the venues available manage to hold more than 2,000shows in the 25 day long festival. The establishment of the Scottish parliament has to a large extent altered the political landscape. Edinburgh is considered as the standard –bearer for Scotland and a very vital in promoting and strengthening the pride of the Scottish people and their identity as a whole. However, there has been a very great concern by most people and even politicians in Scotland that Edinburgh is not getting the recognition it deserves as a cultural ambassador. This is with due to the numerous festivals that Edinburgh has organized and hosted with very limited resources. In that aspect parliament has come up with certain legislations to help boost the cultural events in their quest to promote the Scottish culture. Nationally Edinburgh is faced with numerous challenges. Whereas there are some people who are of the opinion that a lot of resources is being allocated to the capital, there are some who are of the opinion that Edinburgh festivals may play a very crucial role in promoting the national economy through cultural tourism (British Association of Social Workers 1976, 87). Certainly the Edinburgh’s economic position can be termed as healthy due to some various factors such as low unemployment rates and projected growth in job opportunities. In a research carried out in Scotland in respect to the highest revenue earners for the country. In the year 2010, tourism accounted for about 1.5bn pounds of expenditure by